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Why is Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez estimated to be a moderate by NOMINATE?

Jeff Lewis

January 23, 2026

Media coverage of newly elected New York Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez describes her as liberal or even “ultra-liberal” with good reason. For example, she supports the green new deal, reparations for slavery, and abolishing ICE — all positions associated with the left wing of the Democratic caucus. Curiously, more than 150 roll calls into the 116th Congress, her first-dimension NOMINATE score places her to the right of the majority of freshman Democrats. So, why does NOMINATE think Ocasio-Cortez is a moderate? This question is made all the more puzzling because NOMINATE ranks Lauren Underwood, Rashida Tlaib, and Ilhan Omar as the three most liberal of the new Democrats in the House which is consistent with the media coverage and public statements of those three members. In what follows, I identify the roll calls that pull Ocasio-Cortez’s NOMINATE location away from the locations of Underwood, Tlaib and Omar and explain why NOMINATE cannot, as yet, conclude that Ocasio-Cortez belongs among the left-wing members of the Democratic caucus.

As shown below, the reason is quite simple. Because there have been relatively few roll calls taken that divide the left wing of the Democratic caucus from the moderates, there have been few opportunities for freshman liberals to show their stripes. On the vast majority of votes, members located at Ocasio-Cortez’s moderate position and, for example, Omar’s liberal position are expected by NOMINATE to vote the same way. While there are votes on which Ocasio-Cortez joins other strong liberals in voting against the moderates in her party, there are a handful of votes on which Ocasio-Cortez has gone against nearly every other Democrat including Omar, Tlaib and Underwood and sided with (nearly) every Republican. While Congressional observers understand that votes like Ocasio-Cortez’s vote against the rules of the House are protest votes, NOMINATE does not. Rather, NOMINATE sees these as instances in which Ocasio-Cortez looks like a conservative and it adjusts her location to be more conservative accordingly.

In those cases in which a large number of liberal members join the Republicans in voting against the Democratic moderates, NOMINATE concludes that the vote did not strongly divide liberals and conservatives. Consequently, NOMINATE discounts those sorts of votes in determining members’ locations. However, when a member goes alone (or nearly so), in bucking her party, NOMINATE finds that to be highly informative about the member’s location (this is how NOMINATE is able to correctly infer that Susan Collins is a moderate). This is what leads Ocasio-Cortez to be placed in the middle.

Over time, we expect that the 116th Congress will hold more votes that sharply divide the progressive wing of the Democratic party from the Democratic moderates and Republicans, but until it does, Ocasio-Cortez’s willingness to protest alone will lead NOMINATE not to locate her among the Congress’s most liberal members.

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